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Tue, 14:25 13 May 2008 GMT17

 
Sudan conflicts

Last reviewed: 01-04-2008

Brutal wars in Africa's biggest country


Sudan, the largest country in Africa, has been at war for nearly 50 years. We look at three main conflicts:

  • A brutal 21-year civil war between the north and the south that ended in 2005
  • The ongoing humanitarian crisis in Darfur in the west where at least 200,000 have died and 2.5 million been displaced by fighting since 2003
  • Tensions in eastern Sudan where insurgents have threatened to challenge the government for a share of the country's power and natural-resources.

    An obvious question is: Why is Sudan plagued by internal conflict, and how are these three conflicts related, if at all? There is no easy answer, but a few explanations do shed light on the problem.

    First, colonisers drew the boundaries of present-day Sudan without heed to the different religious and ethnic groups that already inhabited the territory, which was under joint Anglo-Egyptian control until 1956. This set the stage for showdowns between the north, populated predominantly by Arab Muslims, and the south, populated largely by animists and Christians of African origin.

    The British lit the tinderbox when they left by leaving an elite group of northerners in charge.

    Second, over the years those in power in Khartoum have marginalised southerners, Darfuris and several other groups in various pockets of the country, including provinces in eastern Sudan. In addition, the Islamist policies of the government in the 1990s added to the alienation of the southerners.

    Third, rebels in all corners of the country share similar grievances over Khartoum's failure to provide even the most basic of services, and widespread abject poverty has fueled calls to share the wealth.

    The discovery of oil in southern Sudan in 1978 only raised the stakes. Sudan rakes in up to $1 billion year in oil exports but there is little in the way of social services to show for it.

    In 2005, it looked as though Sudan had finally moved to put its house in order. The government and the main rebel group in the south, the Sudanese People's Liberation Movement (SPLM), signed a peace deal that ended the north-south civil war.

    A new power-sharing government was sworn in. But the peace deal looks shaky.

    The conflict in Darfur and the possibility of new violence in the east, where rebels have the same grievances as those elsewhere in the country, threaten to derail the entire process.

    Former SPLM rebels are now in the central government as ministers, so the fates of the south and of other troubled areas are increasingly linked. And as SPLM soldiers have supported the rebels in the east, the south could yet play a role in further conflict with Khartoum.

    KEY FACTS


    (Unless otherwise stated, all data is from the UNDP Human Development Report 2006)

    Total population (2004) 37 million (U.N. Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division 2006)
    Life expectancy at birth (2004) 56.5 years
    Total adult literacy rate (2004) 60.9 percent
    Annual no. of births (2004) 1,163,000 (UNICEF 2006)
    Infant mortality rate per 1,000 live births (2005) 62 (UNICEF - State of the World's Children 2007)
    Under-5 mortality rate per 1,000 live births (2004) 90 (UNICEF - State of the World's Children 2007)
    Internally displaced people (2006) 5.3 million (Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre 2006)
    Percentage of people undernourished (2001/03 average) 27
    GDP per capita (2004) $1,949
    Public expenditure on health as a percent of GDP (2002) 1 (UNDP - Human Development Report 2005)
    Official development assistance received (net disbursements) per capita (2003) $18.5 (UNDP - Human Development Report 2005)

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